In-situ gasification of coal utilizing nonhypersensitive explosives

ABSTRACT

Two or more wells are drilled into a coal seam. The wells are completed so as to isolate all other strata from the coal seam and a radially extended horizontal fracture is directed by introduction of a non-hypersensitive explosive under hydraulic fracturing conditions so as to connect the wells communitively. The explosive is ignited so that a horizontally and vertically directed fracture network is formed within the coal system. A combustion front is ignited and propagated through the fractured network to produce combustible gases and coal tar liquids.

United States Patent 1191 Rhoades 1111 3,734,18 1 1 May 22,1973

[54] IN-SITU GASIFICATION 0F COAL 2,793,696 5/1957 Morse .....l66/256 UTILIZING NON-HYPERSENSITIVE 3,630,281 12/1971 Fast et a1 ..l66/299 EXPLOSIVES 2,788,956 4/1957 Pevere et a1 ..166/259 3,298,434 1/1967 Graham ..166 261)( Inventor: Vaughan Rlwfldes, Tulsa, Okla- 3,599,714 8/1971 Messman etal....., .....166/259 x 2,584,605 2/1952 Merriam et .....l66/26l X [73] Asslgnee 33: Tulsa 3,010,707 11/1961 Craighead et al..... .....166/261 x 3,044,545 7/1962 Tooke ..l66/26l X [22] Filed: Aug. 27, 1971 Primary Examiner--Stephen J. Novosad [21] Appl' 175549 Attorney-J. Richard Geaman Related U.S. Application Data [62] Division of Ser. No. 50,790, June 29, 1970, aban- [57] ABS ACT doned. Two or more wells are drilled into a coal seam. The

wells are completed so as to isolate all other strata [52] U.S. Cl ..166/259, 166/261 from the coal seam and a radially extended horizontal [51] Int. Cl. ..E2lb 43/24, E2lb 43/26 fracture is directed by introduction of a non-hypersen- I Field of Search sitive explosive under hydraulic fracturing conditions 165/299, 308 so as to connect the wells communitively. The explosive is ignited so that a horizontally and vertically References Cited directed fracture network is formed within the coal system. A combustion front is ignited and propagated UNITED STA'rES PATENTS through the fractured network to produce combustible 2,695,163 11/1954 Pearce et a1. ..l66/259 X gases and coal tar liquids.

3,561,532 2/1971 Fletcher et al. ..l66/299 2,892,405 6/1959 Chesnut ..l66/299 3 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures PM MAY .22;

ENIED P 5 I 3.734.180 SHEET 1 OF 2 PATENTED HEX 2 2 i973 SHEET 2 [1F 2 IN-SITU GASIFICATION OF COAL UTILIZING NON-HYPERSENSITIVE EXPLOSIVES This is a division of application Ser. No. 50,790, filed June 29, 1970, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This inventiOn relates to the in situ combustion of a coal seam for the recovery of flammable gases and coal tar liquids. More particularlY, it relates to a novel method for producing a fracture network through which combustion supporting gas and combustion products may pass during the in situ combustion of a coal seam.

The production of coal energy by the use of wells through underground mining has been a continual sub ject of interest in the field of energy production. Coal gasification by use of above ground retorting is an old art, one of the better known methods being the Lurgi process developed in Germany prior to World War II. By this method, oxygen and steam are simultaneously injected ino a field retort and upon combustion a gas having a calorific value sufficient for commercial usage and coal tar liquids are produced.

The idea of underground gasification then is not new,

, however, many of the technological advances are. Ef-

forts were mostly confined to the advancement of theory until substantial work and testing was done in Russia. Most of the Russian work involved considerable underground mining and construction in an effort to provide a passageway for air through the coal. Some efforts even involved breaking up the coal underground to provide adequate air passage. The amount of excavation encountered in this process is tremendous. The state of the art then progressed to drilling holes into the coal seam and charging with dynamite. As the burning front progressed through the stratum the charges were automatically set off in an effort to break up and crush the coal and render a segment of the bed more permeable. This resulted in irregularities too great to sustain continued gas flow and the gas produced contained large amounts of air, which considerably lowered the heating value of the produced gas. As this process is far too expensive and limited in scope, shaft and bore hole mining combinations were devised which employed steeply sloping seams near outcrops. In addition to being limited exclusively to deeply pitched. beds, this process also required a large amount of excavation and mining.

The chief problem, therefore, confronting the spectrum of investigators was the low gasification rate, that is, the rate of air injection which directly affects the amount of gas produced. Although a coal seam contains an appreciable amount of natural cracks and fissures, its overall permeability is quite low. This permeability is considerably below that which is necessary to sustain combustion at rates to be of commercial interest. Consequently, without expensive underground construction, the natural air passageways within the coal bed severely limit air injection. A major effort has been concentrated on methods of increasing air injection rates by shaftless methods. Electrocarbonization utilizing high pressure air injection is one of the methads which has been tested. One of the most promising techniques involves hydraulic fracturing of the coal bed, packing the fractures with sand, backward burning to establish better communication within the bed, then forward combustion to gasify the coal and release the combustible products. All of the tests proved uneconomic and unfeasible by present production standards and have been discontinued before being developed into a commercialprocess. What is required, then, is a process which may be implemented withoututilizing previously used techniques of underground excavation and tunneling. Also required is a method by which air injection rates are not restricted due to low permeability of the coal, the restrictions of fluid flow in the fracture network, and the low permeability of the remaining unburned coal behind the combustion front.

It is an object of our invention, therefore, to provide a novel method for the combustion of underground coal structure.

It is another object of our invention to provide a method by which a network of fractures created in a coal seam may be used to allow sufficient gas injection volumes to sustain combustion in a coal seam.

It is a further object of our invention to provide for a method by which flammable gas and coal tar liquids are afforded a production path by the inducement of a fracture network within a coal seam.

With these and other objects in mind the present invention will be set forth in further detail with particular reference to the following drawings and description.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention comprises a method for the combustion of coal in subterranean deposits. In the method, two or more wells are completed within a coal deposit. Subsequent to the well completion, a radially extended horizontal fracture is induced through the coal deposit so as to interconnect the wells by the introduction of a non-hypersensitive explosive under hydraulic pressure. The explosive is distributed normally between two or more wells connected by a radially extended horizontal fracture. The explosive is detonated so as to form a fracture network of crumbled coal within the coal deposit. A combustion supporting gas is introduced into one or more of the wells and a combustion front is formed by ignition of the gas and coal seam, thereby forming combustible gas andcoal tar products which are produced from one or more of the offset wells connected through the fracture network.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention is hereinafter described in further detail with particular reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 represents an injection well utilized in the present invention, completed within a subterranean coal deposit; and

FIG. 2 represents a cross-sectional view of a subterranean coal deposit with the process of the present invention applied thereto.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention describes a novel method for the production of combustible gases and coal tar liquids by the in situ combustion of a coal bed. The process comprises the completing of wells in a coal seam, creating a horizontal fracture in the coal seam to establish communication between the wells, detonating an explosive within the horizontal fracture so as to form a horizontal and vertical fractured network between the wells, injecting a combustion supporting gas, igniting the coal about the injection well and recovering volatile liquids and combustible gases at the production well.

Each production well is completed in a manner so as to be in direct communication with a maximum portion of the coal bed. Casing is barely notched into the coal seam and cemented. The open or uncased hole extends to the bottom of the coal bed. The significant factor in this completion technique is that only the coal bed is left exposed at the producing wellbore. All other strata are cemented and sealed off from the producing wellbore in order that any production from the wells must come through the coal bed itself. Injection wells are cased and cemented to the center of the coal layer to enhance the fracturing operation. Configuration of injection and production wells is not a significant criteria of the present invention and therefore is not treated herein. Essentially, any well pattern combination with which horizontal communication between the wells may be effected may be utilized with the present invention. In addition, the completion technique used may consist of any of the various and sundry well isolation methods as long as the coal seam is left undamaged and remains isolated from the overburdened strata.

Formation of a horizontal fracture within the coal bed is an essential criterion of the invention for success of the entire operation. The fracture should be initiated as close to the center of the coal bed, within the injection well, as feasible and propagated through the bed of the coal seam so as to intersect the surrounding producing wells. The fracture is to provide a passageway through which combustion gas and products may flow. Fracturing out of the coal seam and into another horizon should be avoided where adjacent strata would provide a path through which the gasified products could escape, thereby preventing their recovery. The fracturing of the coal stratum is, therefore, an imperative consideration of the present invention.

The method by which horizontal fracturing of the coal seam is achieved is to introduce a hypersensitive liquid explosive into the coal bed and cause a hydraulic fracture network to be formed. To accurately describe the fracture growth within a formation, the mechanism that controls the leak-off rate when the system is pressurized with a liquid must be approximated. Reservoir response to liquid pressure can be grouped to either of three main categories. The first category, which is the dominant factor controlling the leak-off, is the viscosity of the fracturing fluid itself. The compressibility of the fluid within the coal bed should be considered; however, it is normally insignificant when compared to the resistance to flow through a coal formation. The third consideration in predicting leak-off is whether there exists a substance in the'fluid which will deposit on the fracture faces and thus create a significant pressure drop between the inside of the fracture and the formaduced accompanied by a sufficient quantity of oxygen to support combustion of both the burner and the coal tion so that most of the fracturing fluid will remain bed. The coal seam is then ignited by the flame or extreme temperature experienced in the wellbore. The combustion front formed is propagated through the coal seam by continued injection of a combustion supporting gas. The amount of combustion movement is directly proportional to the oxygen injection rate so that the advancement of the combustion front may be controlled as it moves throughout the coal deposit. It is understood that by any of the processes described, a reverse combustion drive may be induced by reversing injection of the combustible gas into the production wells.

To more fully understand the application of the present process, referral to FIG. 1 is suggested. In FIG. 1, an injection well 110 is completed from the earths surface 101, through overburden 102, through coal bed 103 and is spudded into underlaying formation 105. The well 110 is sealed by a wellbore liner 109 and casing 108 to a point midway in the coal bed 103. The lower portion of the coal bed 103 and underlaying formation being left as an open hole 106. A wellhead 1 12 is connected to the wellbore liner 109 so that fluids may be introduced into well 110. Retrievable isolation means, for example a packer 1 1 1, are placed in the well 110 at a point slightly below the mid-section of the coal bed 103. The wellbore liner 109 is securely affixed at the mid-section of the coal bed 103 by shoe 107 such that the subsequent introduction of a nonhypersensitive explosive, as a hydraulic fluid, may be performed at pressures higher than the overburden pressure so as to create a radially extending horizontal fracture 104 through the coal bed 103 to subsequent offsetting wells.

FIG. 2 typifies the resultant crumbled coal bed 228 produced by the process for forming a fracture network as described previously. The injection well 210 and offset production well 220 are completed in similar fashion with respective casing 208 and 218 and wellbore liner 209 and 219 as described for FIG. 1. It is noted, however, that production well 220 is completed to the top of the coal bed 203. Compressor 213, having inlet 214, through which a combustible gas is supplied, is connected to wellhead 212 such that combustible gas is introduced into the formation and propagates a combustion front 226 through the crumbled coal bed 228 1 leaving behind charred residual 227. Combustible gas and coaltar liquids are produced from wellhead 222 and thereby introduced into scrubber-separator 223 from which dry combustible gas 224 is produced overhead as liquid coal tar products 225 are produced from the bottom.

In practice of the processof the present invention, one may form an extensive fracture network within a coal seam by use of the simultaneous horizontal fracturing-explosive method. It is conceivable that pure oxygen may be utilized as the combustion supporting gas, whereas it is generally not thought to be safe or economic, in that the depth of most coal seams subjected to this method is generally not more than several hundred feet, thereby requiring very little safety equipmentand a lesser tendency for pre-ignition of materials within the wellbore while oxygen is being loaded into the formation.

A preferred method for controlling the temperature of the flame front, but more particularly to adjust the calorific value of the produced gas, is by the simultaneous injection of water with the combustion supporting gas. A water-gas shift reaction is then obtained at the site of the combustion front which yields a considerably enhanced calorific content produced gas and lowers the temperature of the combustion front. This temperature lowering results in a decreased loss of heat to the surrounding strata and a decrease in the destructive degradation of coal tar liquids. The particular reaction of the water-gas shift reaction is presented below:

c+n omsn +co The increased hydrogen content of the produced gas yields a high energy content energy source gas.

When the present invention is applied to the art of in situ combustion of coal seams it provides an effective means for the combustion and reclamation of coal tar liquids and produced gas in order that a greater areal extent of the coal seam may be contacted. The invention enhances the art of in situ combustion of subterranean coal deposit by allowing an economic and facile method for the combustion and reclamation of energy from these deposits.

The present invention has been described herein with respect to the particular embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, however, that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as presented.

Therefore, I claim:

1. A process for the combustion of coal in subterranean deposits which comprises:

a. completing two or more wells within the coal deposit;

b; inducing a radially extended horizontal fracture through the coal deposit by hydraulically fracturing the coal deposit with a non-hypersensitive explosive so as to interconnect the: wells;

c. detonating the explosive so as to form a network of crumbled coal within the coal deposit;

d. introducing a combustion supporting gas into one or more wells;

e. initiating a combustion front within the coal seam;

and

f. producing combustible gas and coal tar liquids from one or more wells.

2. The process of claim 1 further comprising the simultaneous injection of water with the combustion supporting gas so that a water-gas shift reaction is provided to increase the calorific content of the produced gas.

3. The process of claim 1 further comprising introducing a combustion supporting gas into at least one production well subsequent to the injection of the combustion supporting gas into the ignited wells to cause a reverse combustion and flow of injected gas, produced gas, and coal tar liquids to the previously ignited wells. 

2. The process of claim 1 further comprising the simultaneous injection of water with the combustion supporting gas so that a water-gas shift reaction is provided to increase the calorific content of the produced gas.
 3. The process of claim 1 further comprising introducing a combustion supporting gas into at least one production well subsequent to the injection of the combustion supporting gas into the ignited wells to cause a reverse combustion and flow of injected gas, produced gas, and coal tar liquids to the previously ignited wells. 